Who are considered vulnerable populations?

• A. Pregnant women
• B. Healthy adults
• C. Researchers
• D. Sponsors

Answer: (A)

Vulnerability in research ethics means groups that may have a harder time protecting their own interests or may be more susceptible to coercion or undue influence when invited to participate. Pregnant women are considered vulnerable because research participation can affect both the mother and the fetus, and decisions may be shaped by social pressures, medical uncertainties, or perceived obligations. Because of these factors, extra protections are used—careful risk–benefit assessment, clear informed consent, and ongoing safety monitoring—to safeguard both maternal and fetal health. Healthy adults don’t carry inherent vulnerability; they can assess risks and consent autonomously. Researchers and sponsors are roles in a study, not populations of participants, so they aren’t categorized as vulnerable in this context.